Ella Daniels
From:
More Arkansas
Interviewer: Samuel S. Taylor
Person interviewed: Ella Daniels
1223 W. Eleventh Street, Little Rock, Arkansas
Age: 74, or over
[HW: Food Rationed]
"I was born in North Carolina, in Halifax County, in the country near
Scotland Neck. My mother's name was Nellie Doggett. Her name was Hale
before she married. My father's name was Tom Doggett. I never did see
any of my grand people.
"My mother's master was named Lewis Hale. He was a farmer. He was fairly
good himself but the overseers wasn't. They have mistreated my mother.
All I know is what I heard, of course; I wasn't old enough to see for
myself. My mother was a field hand. She worked on the farm. My father
did the same thing.
"My father and mother belonged to different masters. I forgot now who my
father said he belonged to. My father didn't live on the same plantation
with my mother. He just came and visited her from time to time.
Food
"Sometimes they didn't have any food to eat. The old missis sometimes
saw that my mother's children were fed. My mother's master was pretty
good to her and her children, but my father's master was not. Food was
issued every week. They give molasses, meal, a little flour, a little
rice and along like that.
House
"My mother and father lived in old weatherboard houses. I don't know
whether all of the slaves lived in weatherboarded houses or not. But I
nursed the children and had to go from one house to the other and I know
several of them lived in weatherboarded houses. Most of the houses had
two rooms. The food that was kept by the slaves, that is the rations
given them, was kept in the kitchen part of the house.
Breeding
"I don't know of any cases where slaves were compelled to breed but I
have heard of them. I don't know the names of the people. Just remember
hearing talk about them.
Freedom Comes
"My mother and father never found out they were free till April 1865.
Some of them were freed before then. I don't know how they found it out,
but I heard them talking about it.
Right after Freedom
"Right after freedom, my father and mother worked right on in the same
place just like they always did. I reckon they paid them, I don't know.
They did what they wanted to.
Patrollers, Ku Klux, and Reconstruction
"I remember the Ku Klux. They used to come and whip the niggers that
didn't have a pass. I think them was pateroles though. There was some
people too who used to steal slaves if they found them away from home,
and then they would sell them. I don't know what they called them. I
just remember the Ku Klux and the pateroles.
"The Ku Klux were the ones that whipped the niggers that they caught out
without a pass. I don't remember any Ku Klux whipping niggers after the
War because they were in politics.
Voters and Officeholders
"I have heard of Negroes voting and holding office after the War. I
wasn't acquainted with any of them except a man named Kane Gibbs and
another named Cicero Barnes. I heard the old people talking about them.
I don't know what offices they held. They lived in another county
somewhere.
Life Since Emancipation
"I went from North Carolina to Louisiana, and from Louisiana here. They
had it that you could shake trees out in Louisiana and the money would
fall off. They had some good land out there too. One acre would make all
you wanted--corn or anything else. That was a rich land. But I don't
know--I don't care what you had or what you owned when you left there,
you had to leave it there. Never would give you no direct settlement or
pay you anything; that is, pay you anything definite. Just gave you
something from time to time. Whatever you had you had to leave it there.
Occupational Experiences
"I used to work in the field when I was able. That was when I was in the
country. When I came to the city I usually did washing and ironing. Now
I can't do anything. All the people I used to work for is dead. There
was one woman in particular. She was a good woman, too. I don't have any
help at all now, except my son. He has a family of his own--wife and
seven children. Right now, he is cut off and ain't making nothing for
himself nor nobody else. But I thank God for what I have because things
could be much worse."
Interviewer's Comment
Here again, there is a confusion of patrollers with Ku Klux. It seems to
point to a use of the word Ku Klux before the War. Of course, it is
clear that the Ku Klux Klan operated after the War.
Ella Daniels' age is given as seventy-four on her insurance policy, and
I have placed that age on the first page of this story in the heading.
But three children were born after her and before the close of the War.
She says they were born two years apart. Allowing that the youngest was
born, in 1864, the one next to her would have been born in 1860, and she
would have been born in 1858. This seems likely too because she speaks
of nursing the children and going from house to house (page two) and
must have been quite a child to have been able to do that. Born in 1858,
she would have been seven years old in 1865 and would have been able to
have been doing such nursing as would have been required of her for two
years probably. So it appears to me that her age is eighty, but I have
recorded in the heading the same age decided upon for insurance.
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Mary Allen Darrow
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Lyttleton Dandridge
